设计排序问题生成器

评估任务：排序题（容量滴定标准操作流程）  
Assessment Task: Ordering Item (Standard Procedure for Volumetric Titration)

题干（中文）：请将下列操作按照标准容量滴定的规范流程从先到后进行排序。  
Stem (English): Arrange the following operations in the correct chronological order for a standard volumetric titration.

待排序步骤（随机呈现）  
Steps to order (presented in random order):
- A. 加入适量指示剂 / Add an appropriate indicator  
- B. 装入标准溶液并排尽气泡 / Fill the burette with the standard solution and expel all air bubbles  
- C. 滴定至终点并记录数据 / Titrate to the endpoint and record data  
- D. 移取待测溶液至锥形瓶 / Transfer the analyte solution to an Erlenmeyer flask  
- E. 检查仪器完好 / Inspect apparatus for integrity and cleanliness  
- F. 润洗并装配滴定管 / Rinse (condition) and assemble the burette

正确答案（从先到后）  
Correct order (from first to last):  
E → F → B → D → A → C

作答说明（中文）：请写出按顺序排列的字母序列（例如：E-F-B-D-A-C）。  
Response format (English): Provide the letter sequence in order (e.g., E-F-B-D-A-C).

计分规则与评分标准  
Scoring and Rubric:
- 全对计分：序列与标准答案完全一致得满分。  
  Full credit: Award full credit only if the sequence exactly matches the key.
- 可选部分计分（若需要诊断信息）：每个相邻正确对（E–F、F–B、B–D、D–A、A–C）计部分分值，最高不超过满分。  
  Optional partial credit (for diagnostic use): Award partial credit for each correct adjacent pair (E–F, F–B, B–D, D–A, A–C), up to the maximum.

测量论证与简要依据  
Measurement Rationale and Brief Justification:
- E. 检查仪器完好（清洁、无裂纹、阀门密封）是保证量值可溯源与安全的首要环节；任何污染或渗漏将系统性偏移读数。  
  E. Inspecting apparatus (cleanliness, no cracks, leak-free stopcock) precedes all else; contamination or leakage biases measurements.  
  依据/Source: Harris; Vogel; Skoog.
- F. 润洗并装配滴定管（用待用标准溶液进行“条件化”）可避免残留水稀释滴定剂，确保体积读数与浓度有效性。  
  F. Rinsing/conditioning and assembling the burette with the titrant prevents dilution by residual water and ensures valid volume readings.  
  依据/Source: Vogel; Skoog.
- B. 充满滴定管并排尽尖端与活塞处气泡，方可取得可靠的起始读数与后续体积差。  
  B. Filling the burette and expelling tip/stopcock bubbles is necessary before obtaining a reliable initial reading.  
  依据/Source: Harris.
- D. 移取待测溶液至锥形瓶（常用移液管定量）是建立被测体积分数与物质的量关系的基础。  
  D. Transferring the analyte to the flask (typically by pipette) establishes the analyte amount and volume basis.  
  依据/Source: Skoog; Harris.
- A. 加入适量指示剂应在样品就位后、滴定前进行，过量可能引入系统误差（酸碱指示剂的本征酸碱性或吸光）。  
  A. Adding the indicator after the sample is in place but before titration; excess indicator can bias results.  
  依据/Source: Harris; Vogel.
- C. 最后进行滴定至终点并记录数据（包含初、终读数与温度等条件），靠近终点应缓慢、滴滴加入并持续摇匀。  
  C. Titrate to the endpoint and record data (initial/final readings, conditions); approach the endpoint slowly with continuous mixing.  
  依据/Source: Harris; Skoog.

测量目标与难度  
Construct and Difficulty:
- 构念：分析化学实验的程序性知识与操作顺序掌握（容量分析）。  
  Construct: Procedural knowledge of analytical chemistry lab practice (volumetric analysis).  
- 难度：中等（要求理解“条件化滴定管”“排尽气泡”“指示剂添加时机”等关键细节）。  
  Difficulty: Moderate (requires understanding of burette conditioning, bubble removal, and indicator timing).

参考文献（ACS风格）  
References (ACS Style):
- Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 10th ed.; W. H. Freeman: New York, 2020.  
- Skoog, D. A.; West, D. M.; Holler, F. J.; Crouch, S. R. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 9th ed.; Brooks/Cole: Belmont, CA, 2014.  
- Mendham, J.; Denney, R. C.; Barnes, J. D.; Thomas, M. J. K. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6th ed.; Prentice Hall: Harlow, 2000.

排序题（统计假设检验流程）

题干
请将下列统计假设检验的关键步骤按正确的逻辑顺序排列。

选项（乱序）
- [D] 计算样本统计量与 p 值
- [B] 设定显著性水平
- [F] 书写结论并报告效应量
- [A] 提出原假设与备择假设
- [E] 基于阈值做出统计决策（如比较 p 与 α 或比较检验统计量与临界值）
- [C] 选择合适的检验统计量（含检验方向、单/双侧、参数/非参数等）

参考答案（正确顺序）
A → B → C → D → E → F

评分建议
- 全对计分：六步完全正确顺序计1分；否则0分。用于高信度判定。
- 部分计分（相邻对法）：计数相邻正确对数/5，得分 ∈ [0,1]。例如，若出现正确相邻对 A→B、C→D、E→F，共3对，则得分为3/5。该方法与序列一致性（如Kendall tau）一致性较高，适合形成性评估。

命题说明与依据（简要）
- 合理性：先提出假设是所有推断的前提（Neyman & Pearson, 1933）；显著性水平应在观测数据前设定以控制第一类错误（Casella & Berger, 2002）；检验统计量的选择依赖研究设计、测量尺度与分布/方差齐性等前提（Wasserman, 2004）；随后计算样本统计量与 p 值；再依据阈值做出是否拒绝 H0 的决策（Fisher, 1925；Neyman & Pearson, 1933）；最后报告结论并提供效应量与区间估计，避免将结论局限于二分式显著性判断（APA, 2020；Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016；Cohen, 1988）。
- 质量控制建议：避免使用概念重叠或顺序可歧义的表述；确保各步骤在语义上互斥且覆盖完整流程；提供统一作答指引（如明确“按经典NHST流程排序”），以提高评分信度与可比性。

参考文献
- American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). APA.
- Casella, G., & Berger, R. L. (2002). Statistical inference (2nd ed.). Duxbury.
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Fisher, R. A. (1925). Statistical methods for research workers. Oliver & Boyd.
- Neyman, J., & Pearson, E. S. (1933). On the problem of the most efficient tests of statistical hypotheses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 231, 289–337.
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A. (2016). The ASA’s statement on p-values: Context, process, and purpose. The American Statistician, 70(2), 129–133.
- Wasserman, L. (2004). All of statistics: A concise course in statistical inference. Springer.

Ordering (Sequencing) Question: Initial Response to an Incipient-Stage Workplace Fire

Task
Arrange the following actions into the correct sequence for responding to an incipient-stage workplace fire, assuming:
- The fire is small and controllable with a portable extinguisher.
- You are trained and have a clear egress route.
- The facility’s Emergency Action Plan (EAP) authorizes incipient-stage firefighting by designated staff.
Base your ordering on OSHA and NFPA guidance regarding alarms, incipient firefighting, evacuation, and accountability.

Options (present in random order to learners)
- Use the nearest fire extinguisher to attempt initial suppression.
- Account for personnel at the assembly point and report to the person in charge.
- Discover a fire and immediately activate the alarm.
- Isolate electrical power and combustible gas supplies if it can be done safely.
- Document the incident and submit improvement recommendations.
- Direct and assist people to evacuate along designated routes to the assembly point.

Correct sequence (instructor key)
1) Discover a fire and immediately activate the alarm.
2) Isolate electrical power and combustible gas supplies if it can be done safely.
3) Use the nearest fire extinguisher to attempt initial suppression (only by trained personnel, with a clear egress path).
4) Direct and assist people to evacuate along designated routes to the assembly point.
5) Account for personnel at the assembly point and report to the person in charge.
6) Document the incident and submit improvement recommendations.

Justification (evidence-based)
- Alarm activation must occur immediately to initiate the EAP and notify occupants and responders (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.165; 1910.38).
- Where feasible and safe, isolating energy/fuel reduces hazard and improves suppression effectiveness; gas-fed fires generally require shutting off the supply prior to extinguishment (NFPA 10; general NFPA fuel control principles; OSHA 1910.38 procedures).
- Incipient-stage firefighting with portable extinguishers is permissible only for trained employees and only when conditions are safe and an escape route is maintained (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.157; NFPA 10).
- Evacuation along designated routes and to an assembly point is a core EAP requirement to protect life safety (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.38; NFPA 101 Life Safety Code).
- Accounting for all persons and reporting status to the incident lead is required to ensure no one remains at risk and to inform incident command (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.38(c)(4)).
- Post-incident documentation and improvement recommendations align with continuous improvement and emergency preparedness requirements (ISO 45001:2018, clauses 8.2 and 10.2).

Scoring guidance
- Full credit: all six steps in the exact order above.
- Optional partial credit: award 1 point for each correctly ordered adjacent pair (maximum 5), which yields a reliable and transparent rubric for sequencing items.

References (APA style)
- International Organization for Standardization. (2018). ISO 45001:2018 Occupational health and safety management systems—Requirements with guidance for use.
- National Fire Protection Association. (2022). NFPA 10: Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers.
- National Fire Protection Association. (2021). NFPA 101: Life Safety Code.
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). 29 CFR 1910.38—Emergency action plans. U.S. Department of Labor.
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). 29 CFR 1910.157—Portable fire extinguishers. U.S. Department of Labor.
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). 29 CFR 1910.165—Employee alarm systems. U.S. Department of Labor.

Note
Different EAPs may direct immediate evacuation without any employee firefighting. If the assessment context assumes “evacuate-only” policies, remove Step 3 and adjust the key accordingly.