设计排序问题生成器

排序题（统计假设检验流程）

题干 请将下列统计假设检验的关键步骤按正确的逻辑顺序排列。

选项（乱序）

• [D] 计算样本统计量与 p 值
• [B] 设定显著性水平
• [F] 书写结论并报告效应量
• [A] 提出原假设与备择假设
• [E] 基于阈值做出统计决策（如比较 p 与 α 或比较检验统计量与临界值）
• [C] 选择合适的检验统计量（含检验方向、单/双侧、参数/非参数等）

参考答案（正确顺序） A → B → C → D → E → F

评分建议

• 全对计分：六步完全正确顺序计1分；否则0分。用于高信度判定。
• 部分计分（相邻对法）：计数相邻正确对数/5，得分 ∈ [0,1]。例如，若出现正确相邻对 A→B、C→D、E→F，共3对，则得分为3/5。该方法与序列一致性（如Kendall tau）一致性较高，适合形成性评估。

命题说明与依据（简要）

• 合理性：先提出假设是所有推断的前提（Neyman & Pearson, 1933）；显著性水平应在观测数据前设定以控制第一类错误（Casella & Berger, 2002）；检验统计量的选择依赖研究设计、测量尺度与分布/方差齐性等前提（Wasserman, 2004）；随后计算样本统计量与 p 值；再依据阈值做出是否拒绝 H0 的决策（Fisher, 1925；Neyman & Pearson, 1933）；最后报告结论并提供效应量与区间估计，避免将结论局限于二分式显著性判断（APA, 2020；Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016；Cohen, 1988）。
• 质量控制建议：避免使用概念重叠或顺序可歧义的表述；确保各步骤在语义上互斥且覆盖完整流程；提供统一作答指引（如明确“按经典NHST流程排序”），以提高评分信度与可比性。

参考文献

• American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). APA.
• Casella, G., & Berger, R. L. (2002). Statistical inference (2nd ed.). Duxbury.
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Fisher, R. A. (1925). Statistical methods for research workers. Oliver & Boyd.
• Neyman, J., & Pearson, E. S. (1933). On the problem of the most efficient tests of statistical hypotheses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 231, 289–337.
• Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A. (2016). The ASA’s statement on p-values: Context, process, and purpose. The American Statistician, 70(2), 129–133.
• Wasserman, L. (2004). All of statistics: A concise course in statistical inference. Springer.

Ordering (Sequencing) Question: Initial Response to an Incipient-Stage Workplace Fire

Task Arrange the following actions into the correct sequence for responding to an incipient-stage workplace fire, assuming:

• The fire is small and controllable with a portable extinguisher.
• You are trained and have a clear egress route.
• The facility’s Emergency Action Plan (EAP) authorizes incipient-stage firefighting by designated staff. Base your ordering on OSHA and NFPA guidance regarding alarms, incipient firefighting, evacuation, and accountability.

Options (present in random order to learners)

• Use the nearest fire extinguisher to attempt initial suppression.
• Account for personnel at the assembly point and report to the person in charge.
• Discover a fire and immediately activate the alarm.
• Isolate electrical power and combustible gas supplies if it can be done safely.
• Document the incident and submit improvement recommendations.
• Direct and assist people to evacuate along designated routes to the assembly point.

Correct sequence (instructor key)

1. Discover a fire and immediately activate the alarm.
2. Isolate electrical power and combustible gas supplies if it can be done safely.
3. Use the nearest fire extinguisher to attempt initial suppression (only by trained personnel, with a clear egress path).
4. Direct and assist people to evacuate along designated routes to the assembly point.
5. Account for personnel at the assembly point and report to the person in charge.
6. Document the incident and submit improvement recommendations.

Justification (evidence-based)

• Alarm activation must occur immediately to initiate the EAP and notify occupants and responders (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.165; 1910.38).
• Where feasible and safe, isolating energy/fuel reduces hazard and improves suppression effectiveness; gas-fed fires generally require shutting off the supply prior to extinguishment (NFPA 10; general NFPA fuel control principles; OSHA 1910.38 procedures).
• Incipient-stage firefighting with portable extinguishers is permissible only for trained employees and only when conditions are safe and an escape route is maintained (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.157; NFPA 10).
• Evacuation along designated routes and to an assembly point is a core EAP requirement to protect life safety (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.38; NFPA 101 Life Safety Code).
• Accounting for all persons and reporting status to the incident lead is required to ensure no one remains at risk and to inform incident command (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.38(c)(4)).
• Post-incident documentation and improvement recommendations align with continuous improvement and emergency preparedness requirements (ISO 45001:2018, clauses 8.2 and 10.2).

Scoring guidance

• Full credit: all six steps in the exact order above.
• Optional partial credit: award 1 point for each correctly ordered adjacent pair (maximum 5), which yields a reliable and transparent rubric for sequencing items.

References (APA style)

• International Organization for Standardization. (2018). ISO 45001:2018 Occupational health and safety management systems—Requirements with guidance for use.
• National Fire Protection Association. (2022). NFPA 10: Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers.
• National Fire Protection Association. (2021). NFPA 101: Life Safety Code.
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). 29 CFR 1910.38—Emergency action plans. U.S. Department of Labor.
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). 29 CFR 1910.157—Portable fire extinguishers. U.S. Department of Labor.
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). 29 CFR 1910.165—Employee alarm systems. U.S. Department of Labor.

Note Different EAPs may direct immediate evacuation without any employee firefighting. If the assessment context assumes “evacuate-only” policies, remove Step 3 and adjust the key accordingly.