起草法律条款建议

为确保条款适配法律适用与交易结构，以下条款以中华人民共和国（不含港澳台地区）法律为准据法的典型商事合同为背景拟定；如贵方适用其他法域或存在特定监管要求（如行业监管、数据出境），请告知以便精确调整。

A稿（信息披露方保护更强/责任限制更严格）
一、保密义务
1. 定义与范围：在本合同履行过程中，一方（“披露方”）以口头、书面、电子或其他形式向另一方（“接收方”）披露或提供的、标注为保密或依其性质应合理视为保密的信息，包括但不限于商业计划、技术资料、产品设计、算法与源代码、数据集及其衍生结果、价格与财务信息、客户与供应商信息、合同条款、合规与审计材料等（“保密信息”）。以下信息除外：（1）披露时已为公众所知或非因接收方过错而成为公众所知；（2）披露前接收方已合法知悉且有相应证据；（3）接收方独立开发且未利用披露方保密信息；（4）从第三方合法取得且不负有保密义务。
2. 用途与披露限制：接收方仅为实现合同约定之目的使用保密信息，不得超范围复制、反向工程、反编译或反汇编，不得向任何第三方披露，除非为履约之必要且该第三方已受不低于本条款严格程度的书面保密义务约束。接收方应将知悉范围严格限于“必需知悉人员”，并确保其遵守本条款。
3. 安全与合规：接收方应采取不低于其保护自身同类敏感信息的合理安全措施，符合网络安全、数据安全及个人信息保护的法定要求。涉及个人信息或重要数据的处理，应遵循最小必要、目的限定与分类分级管理原则；发生可能影响个人信息或重要数据安全的事件时，接收方应在获悉后及时（不迟于合理可行之最短时间）通知披露方并依法履行报告、处置与补救义务。
4. 强制披露：如接收方因法律、行政或司法程序被要求披露保密信息，应在法律允许范围内及时书面通知披露方，协助其寻求保密令或其他救济，并仅在最低必要范围内披露。
5. 权利与返还：保密信息及其所有权、知识产权与相关权益均归披露方所有。合同终止或披露方书面要求时，接收方应立即停止使用并在合理期限内返还或销毁保密信息及其载体，并书面确认。
6. 违约与救济：接收方违反本条导致披露方受损的，应赔偿由此产生的全部直接损失及为维权支出的合理费用。披露方有权向有管辖权的人民法院申请行为保全等救济。若双方另行约定违约金，违约金不足以弥补损失的，披露方仍有权请求不足部分。
7. 存续：本条在合同终止或解除后持续有效。构成商业秘密的信息在不公开且具备商业价值期间持续受保护；其他保密信息的存续期为自披露之日起不少于五年，除非双方另有书面约定。

二、责任限制
1. 责任上限：除法定不得限制之情形外，任一方因本合同承担的累计赔偿责任上限为对方就引起该等责任之服务在发生之日前十二个月实际已支付的净费用总额。
2. 间接损害排除：任一方对利润损失、业务机会损失、数据丢失、商誉损害、间接、附带、惩罚性或惩戒性损害不承担责任；但法律另有强制性规定或双方书面明确同意的除外。
3. 例外情形（不适用上限与排除）：（1）一方之故意或重大过失；（2）侵犯知识产权或违反保密义务；（3）人身伤害或生命损失；（4）依法不可事先免除或限制的责任。
4. 格式条款提示：双方确认已就本条中的免责与责任限制条款进行了充分阅读、理解与协商，并认可其公平性与合理性。

B稿（权责更为均衡/差异化风险分配）
一、保密义务
1. 定义与范围：同A稿第1、5、7款。
2. 用途与披露限制：接收方可为履约与合规必需而向其关联方与专业顾问（含律师、会计师、审计机构、合规顾问）披露，前提是该等主体受不低于本条款严格程度的保密义务约束。
3. 安全与合规：在不低于行业通行标准的基础上，接收方应实施加密、访问控制、日志留存、分级分类管理与最小权限管控；涉及个人信息的处理须基于合法事由并向披露方提供合规协助（包括但不限于数据出境所需的安全评估、认证或标准合同安排）。
4. 强制披露与通知：同A稿第4款；安全事件发生时的初次通知时间可约定为自发现之时起72小时内，并在后续提供处置进展与根因报告。
5. 违约与救济：如难以举证实际损失，双方可约定合理区间的违约金；人民法院可依法调整显失公平的违约金数额。

二、责任限制
1. 责任上限：除法定不得限制之情形外，任一方累计赔偿责任上限为对方就相关服务已支付的费用之150%或人民币[××]万元（以较高者为准）；对数据泄露或信息安全事件可设专项上限为人民币[××]万元。
2. 间接损害：一般排除间接损失；但因违反保密义务或数据保护义务直接导致的监管罚款及经法院判决确定的第三方索赔，在专项上限范围内承担。
3. 例外情形：同A稿第3款。
4. 格式条款提示：同A稿第4款。

法规摘要（中国大陆）
- 民法典（合同编、人格权编与侵权责任编）：确认合同自由与诚实信用原则，允许合理约定违约责任与责任限制；提供格式条款的提示说明义务；对免除因故意或重大过失造成对方人身损害等责任的条款规定无效；对违约金过高或过低可依法调整。对涉及个人信息的处理应遵循合法、正当、必要原则，未经合法事由不得处理或提供给第三人。
- 反不正当竞争法：界定商业秘密的范围与构成要件，禁止以不正当手段获取、使用或披露商业秘密；侵害商业秘密需承担停止侵害、赔偿损失等民事责任，情节严重的可能承担行政或刑事责任。最高人民法院相关司法解释对“合理保密措施”“相当可能性”等证明标准提供裁判规则。
- 网络安全法、数据安全法：确立网络运营者安全保护义务、数据分级分类与全生命周期安全管理要求，对重要数据、关键信息基础设施运营者提出更高安全标准与合规义务；发生数据泄露、篡改、丢失等事件需及时采取补救并依法报告。
- 个人信息保护法：明确处理个人信息的合法事由与告知同意义务，确立最小必要、目的限定、公开透明、质量保障与安全保障等原则；规定向境外提供个人信息的路径（国家网信部门安全评估、个人信息保护认证或签订标准合同等），以及个人信息处理者的安全事件响应与告知义务；对违法处理设有行政处罚与民事责任。
- 其他合规要点：涉及国家秘密、重要数据或出口管制的，还需遵守国家保密法、保守国家秘密法、出口管制法等相关规定；行业监管（如金融、医疗、汽车、云计算）可能存在更高合规门槛与专门规范，宜在合同中进行明示与分配。

使用说明与合规提示
- 上述A/B两稿为通用模板，需结合交易标的、数据类型（个人信息/重要数据/核心数据）、跨境场景、费用规模及保险覆盖等因素细化参数（存续年限、上限金额、通知时限、违约金/专项上限）。
- 为满足格式条款提示说明义务，建议将免责与责任限制条款以充分提示的方式单列并在签署页由双方再次确认。
- 若存在个人信息跨境传输或关键信息基础设施相关情形，须在合同之外完成相应的评估、备案、认证或标准合同签署，并留存审计与传输记录。

如需，我可基于具体业务场景（行业、数据类别、是否跨境、价格机制与服务范围）为您定制化填充方括号参数并优化风险分配。

以下为SaaS用户条款与隐私政策（节选：支付、交付（服务开通）、违约责任与个人信息保护）。本条款以中华人民共和国法律为适用法，并参照现行监管规则与司法解释起草。作为格式条款中对用户权利义务有重大影响的内容，提供方已对免责、责任限制、自动续费、争议解决等条款作出显著提示与说明义务提示。

一、定义与适用范围
1. 提供方系指向用户提供基于互联网交付的软件即服务（SaaS）的经营者，为本条款之相对方与个人信息处理者。
2. 用户系指接受服务的主体，包括自然人消费者与法人/非法人组织的企业用户。
3. 服务系指通过账号授权、在线访问或API调用方式提供的软件功能、存储与技术支持等。
4. 有效合同系指用户经线上勾选同意或以其他可辨识的方式确认并完成支付（如适用）后成立的电子合同及其附件、服务单、价格清单、隐私政策、SLA与订单。

二、费用、支付与发票
1. 计费与价格：服务采取按订阅周期（按月/按年）或按量计费。具体计费项目与税费以订单/价格清单为准。用户应在约定期限内一次性足额支付。
2. 支付方式：支持第三方支付/转账等。第三方支付由相应支付机构按其规则处理，提供方仅在必要范围内共享完成支付结算所需的信息。
3. 税费与发票：提供方依法开具合法有效的税务发票（包括电子发票）。价格如未特别说明均为不含税价，用户负担依法应由其承担之税费。
4. 自动续费（如适用）：若用户明示选择自动续费，提供方应在续费日前以显著方式告知续费信息与取消路径；用户可随时在账户设置中取消自动续费。未取消且账户余额/支付工具可扣款的，续费成功视为用户对下一计费周期的同意。
5. 逾期与违约金：用户未按期付款的，自逾期之次日起按未付金额的日万分之五计收逾期违约金至清偿之日；提供方有权中止/限制服务。违约金过高或过低的，当事人可依法请求予以调整。
6. 账务争议与退款：用户对费用有异议的，应自账单出具之日起15日内书面提出并提供证据，逾期视为认可。除法律规定或SLA约定的服务不可用补偿外，已履行的服务一般不支持无理由退款；涉及消费者法定撤销/退货权的，依相关强制性规定处理。

三、交付（服务开通）、验收与SLA
1. 开通时间：自确认收款或订单生效（以在先者为准）之日起48小时内完成账号开通与基础配置。因用户未按要求提供必要信息或接入条件不具备导致延迟的，相应期限顺延。
2. 验收标准：服务以在线可访问、账号可登录、核心功能可正常使用为合格交付标准。用户应在服务开通之日起5个工作日内完成验收并反馈；逾期未提出异议的，视为验收通过，不影响用户对隐蔽瑕疵的权利主张。
3. 服务级别与补偿：提供方承诺年度服务可用性不低于99.9%。若当月可用性低于承诺值，向用户发放相应服务期抵扣（服务信用），具体标准依SLA执行。服务信用不得折现，但不影响用户依据法律主张损害赔偿的权利。

四、违约责任与责任限制（重要条款）
1. 提供方违约：因提供方原因导致未按约定提供服务、服务质量明显不符合约定，用户可要求继续履行、采取补救措施或赔偿损失。因故意或重大过失造成用户人身损害或对用户数据造成严重损害的，提供方依法承担相应侵权/违约责任。
2. 用户违约：用户不得超范围使用、逆向工程、侵害第三方权利或用于违法用途；因用户违反法律法规或本条款造成第三人损害或使提供方遭受罚款、索赔或名誉损害的，用户应承担全部责任并使提供方免责。
3. 不可抗力与例外：因不可抗力或法律政策变化、基础电信/云厂商大规模故障导致的服务中断，提供方在尽到合理通知与救济义务后可部分免除责任。
4. 责任限制（显著提示）：在不违反强制性规定且不因提供方故意或重大过失的前提下，提供方就合同项下的全部赔偿责任总额以用户就争议服务在争议发生前连续十二个月已支付的净服务费总额为上限；对可得利益、商誉损失、不确定/间接损失不承担赔偿。对因人身伤害、个人信息泄露构成严重后果、对用户数据的恶意删除/不可恢复性损毁等，适用法定或更高的责任标准，不受前述上限限制。
5. 格式条款的提示与解释：本条第4款等限制/免除提供方责任、加重用户责任或排除用户主要权利的条款为格式条款中对用户不利内容，提供方已采取加粗、弹窗确认等合理方式予以显著提示并按要求作出说明；未尽提示/说明义务的，该等条款对用户不发生效力。

五、个人信息保护与数据合规（重要条款）
1. 角色与范围：提供方作为个人信息处理者，依照合法、正当、必要原则处理用户在注册、订购、使用服务及支付过程中的个人信息；如提供方向企业用户提供功能并代表其处理最终用户个人信息的，提供方依约履行受托处理义务并与企业用户签署数据处理协议（DPA）。
2. 处理目的与合法基础：为实现账户开通与身份识别、提供与改进服务、计费与结算、故障排查与安全保障、依法配合监管等之目的处理个人信息。处理基于用户同意、为订立或履行合同所必需、履行法定职责、应对公共卫生或紧急情况、在合理范围内实施新闻监督/公共利益报道或法律另有规定等法定事由。提供方不以“一次性同意”代替单独同意。
3. 敏感个人信息：如涉及处理身份证件号码、精确定位、交易记录、通讯录、生物识别信息等敏感个人信息，将遵循特定目的、充分必要和单独同意原则，并采取增强的保护措施。
4. 最小必要与公开透明：在收集前以显著方式告知处理者信息、处理目的与方式、信息种类、保存期限、共享对象、退出方式及联系方式；处理规则发生重大变化的，将再次告知并征得同意。
5. 委托处理、共享与公开披露：委托第三方处理的，提供方对受托方进行安全评估并对其行为负责；共享或公开披露个人信息的，依法告知处理目的、信息类别、接收方名称与联系方式并征得同意，法律另有规定的除外。涉及第三方支付、云服务、客服外包等场景的受托与共享限于实现相应业务之必要范围。
6. 跨境提供：如需将个人信息出境，提供方将依法履行数据安全评估、认证或签署标准合同并向监管机关备案，且在取得必要同意后进行。
7. 用户权利：用户享有查阅、复制、更正、补充、删除、限制或撤回同意、注销账户、解释自动化决策、拒绝定向推送/个性化推荐的权利；符合条件的，用户可请求个人信息可携带。提供方设置便捷路径并在法定期限内处理；拒绝的，将说明理由。
8. 安全措施与事件处置：提供方采取分级分类、加密与去标识化、最小权限与访问控制、日志审计、零信任等措施保障个人信息与用户数据安全；发生安全事件时，将按法定程序评估影响、采取补救措施并向主管部门与相关个人告知。
9. 保存期限与删除：除法律法规另有要求外，个人信息保存期限以实现处理目的之最短必要期间为限；账号注销或目的实现后，提供方删除或匿名化处理相关个人信息（法律另有规定的除外）。用户自助导出或取回业务数据的路径将予以明确。
10. 未成年人保护：对不满十四周岁未成年人的个人信息，依法取得监护人同意并采取专门保护措施。

六、法律适用与争议解决（重要条款）
1. 适用法律：本条款之订立、效力、履行与争议解决适用中华人民共和国法律（不含冲突规范）。
2. 争议解决：因本条款引起的争议，双方应友好协商；协商不成的，提交被告住所地或合同履行地有管辖权的人民法院管辖。若用户为消费者，法院管辖不得排除消费者住所地或常住地法院的法定管辖。双方亦可书面约定提交有资质的仲裁机构仲裁，但不得以格式条款不合理地加重消费者负担。
3. 通知送达：双方确认以账户内系统通知、注册邮箱或手机短信为有效送达方式之一，送达至提供的联系方式即视为有效。

七、格式条款显著提示
1. 责任限制、自动续费、争议解决、数据跨境、敏感信息处理、违约金等与用户权利义务密切相关之内容已通过弹窗、加粗、下划线或二次确认等方式进行显著提示，并可应用户请求作出说明。
2. 如未尽显著提示或说明义务，相关格式条款对用户不发生效力。

法律依据与合规说明（摘选）
- 《中华人民共和国民法典》：合同编关于债务不履行、违约责任、继续履行与损害赔偿、格式条款（含对免责/责任限制条款的提示与说明义务）、违约金调整、电子合同成立与效力等。
- 《中华人民共和国电子签名法》：确认电子数据、电签订立的合同的法律效力。
- 《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》与《网络购买商品七日无理由退货暂行办法》（如涉及自然人消费者）：对自动续费提示、格式条款、公平交易与不合理免责等作出强制性保护。
- 《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》：合法性基础、告知与同意规则、单独同意（敏感信息）、最小必要、用户权利（查阅、复制、更正、删除、撤回同意、限制处理、解释自动化决策、拒绝个性化推送、可携带）、委托处理与共享披露、跨境提供、安全事件通报、未成年人保护等。
- 《中华人民共和国网络安全法》《中华人民共和国数据安全法》：网络运营者的个人信息与数据安全保护义务、分级分类与风险治理要求。
- 《中华人民共和国电子商务法》：电子合同订立、信息展示与显著提示、连续包月/自动续费的显著提示与便捷取消义务之监管实践参考。
- 最高人民法院相关司法解释（包括但不限于《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国民法典〉合同编通则若干问题的解释》等）：对格式条款中免责/限责条款的提示说明义务、过高违约金调整、消费者诉讼管辖的规范性指引。
- 监管规范与行业共识：关于APP自动续费“先提醒、易取消”、个人信息最小必要、SDK与第三方共享合规、标准合同出境等监管口径与国家网信部门发布的配套规则。

合规提示
- 若本服务面向消费者，请确保自动续费二次确认、到期前显著提醒与一键取消路径上线可用；选择法院或仲裁的条款不得以格式条款排除消费者便捷管辖。
- 若发生个人信息跨境或处理敏感个人信息，须完成影响评估并留存记录，按规定履行评估/认证/标准合同备案并取得单独同意。
- 建议与企业客户签署独立的数据处理协议（DPA）与SLA，明确数据所有权、处理目的、安全措施与审计权。

上述条款为示范性文本，具体落地应与业务流程、系统能力、计费与发票规则、SLA指标及监管口径一致，并接受合规评审与年度复核。

Assumptions for drafting: Party A is the platform operator; Party B is the merchant/seller. Singapore law governs. The transaction is primarily B2B, with downstream B2C sales by Party B to end-consumers. Below is a comparative clause set (Party A version vs Party B version), followed by concise Singapore-law notes supporting enforceability.

Comparative clause set (Singapore law)

1. Compliance with Laws; Trade Controls; Anti-Corruption
- Party A version:
  (a) Party B shall, at its sole cost, ensure that all Products, listings, packaging, labelling, marketing, import/export, and after-sales support comply with all Applicable Laws in each Destination Country, including product safety, consumer protection, unfair trade practices, product recalls, customs, sanctions/export controls, and tax requirements; and, to the extent sales are made to consumers in Singapore, the Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Act and the Sale of Goods Act.
  (b) Party B represents and warrants that neither Party B, its directors, officers, or ultimate beneficial owners appear on any sanctions list administered by Singapore or any jurisdiction to which shipments are made, and that the Products are not subject to export or re-export restrictions that would prevent lawful sale. Party B shall not route shipments through jurisdictions or to end-users where sanctions or export controls would be breached.
  (c) Party B shall maintain records and provide reasonable audit cooperation (including access to relevant compliance records) to verify compliance with this clause.
  (d) Each Party shall comply with the Prevention of Corruption Act and shall not offer, promise, give, request, or accept any bribe or unlawful advantage. Party B shall indemnify, defend, and hold harmless Party A against all Losses arising from any breach of this clause by Party B or its subcontractors.

- Party B version:
  (a) Each Party shall comply with Applicable Laws within its control and responsibility. Party B’s compliance obligations are limited to Product-related and jurisdiction-specific requirements it selects for sale and shipment; Party A remains responsible for platform-level compliance, including platform policies, payment processing, and marketplace disclosures under Applicable Laws.
  (b) Sanctions and export control compliance shall be mutual; neither Party is required to perform if performance would violate Applicable Laws. Either Party may suspend performance to the extent necessary to comply with sanctions/export controls.
  (c) Audit cooperation shall be limited to records reasonably necessary to verify compliance with this clause, upon 10 Business Days’ notice, during normal business hours, and subject to confidentiality; no access to competitively sensitive information is required.
  (d) Anti-corruption is mutual. Indemnity for breach of this clause is mutual and several, limited to Losses to the extent caused by the indemnifying Party.

2. Data Protection; Security; Cross-Border Transfers
- Party A version:
  (a) Each Party acts as an independent organisation under the Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (PDPA) for Personal Data it controls. Where Party B Processes Personal Data on behalf of Party A, Party B acts as a data intermediary and shall: implement reasonable security measures; Process only on documented instructions; notify Party A without undue delay and in any event within 24 hours of becoming aware of any Suspected Data Breach; and provide all cooperation to enable statutory notifications within PDPA-prescribed timelines.
  (b) Cross-border transfers of Personal Data by Party B require that Party B ensures a standard of protection comparable to PDPA, including by entering into data transfer terms no less protective than the PDPC Model Clauses, or otherwise meeting PDPA transfer limitation requirements.
  (c) Party B shall not engage sub-processors without Party A’s prior written consent and shall flow down obligations to approved sub-processors. Party B remains liable for sub-processor acts/omissions.
  (d) Party B shall indemnify Party A for all regulatory penalties, remediation costs, and third-party claims arising from Party B’s breach of this clause.

- Party B version:
  (a) Each Party remains independently accountable under PDPA for its own Processing. Where Party B acts as a data intermediary, Party B will implement reasonable security measures, notify Party A without undue delay (and in any event within 48 hours) after becoming aware of a Data Breach affecting Party A’s Personal Data, and provide reasonable cooperation to facilitate PDPA notifications by Party A.
  (b) Cross-border transfers will be governed by mutually agreed PDPC Model Clauses or other PDPA-compliant safeguards. Party A will not unreasonably withhold consent to sub-processors who meet industry-standard certifications (e.g., ISO/IEC 27001); Party B remains responsible for such sub-processors.
  (c) Liability for PDPA breaches is several and proportionate to fault. Party B’s indemnity excludes regulatory fines to the extent the regulator attributes them to Party A’s acts/omissions and is subject to the liability cap in Clause 3, save for wilful misconduct or fraud.

3. Liability; Indemnities; Exclusions
- Party A version:
  (a) Party B shall indemnify, defend, and hold harmless Party A and its Affiliates against third-party claims, regulatory actions, and associated Losses arising out of: (i) Product defect, non-compliance, personal injury, or property damage; (ii) infringement or alleged infringement of Intellectual Property Rights by the Products or Product listings; (iii) breach of Clause 1 (Compliance) or Clause 2 (Data Protection).
  (b) Aggregate liability of Party A to Party B is limited to the total Fees actually paid by Party B to Party A under this Agreement in the 12 months preceding the event giving rise to liability. Party A shall not be liable for loss of profits, revenue, or indirect or consequential loss.
  (c) The liability cap and exclusions do not apply to death or personal injury caused by negligence, fraud, wilful misconduct, non-payment of Fees, breach of confidentiality, data protection breach by Party B, or intellectual property infringement indemnities owed by Party B.

- Party B version:
  (a) Indemnities are mutual for third-party claims to the extent caused by the indemnifying Party’s breach, negligence, or wilful misconduct. Product-related indemnity is provided by Party B; platform-related IP claims (arising solely from Party A’s platform technology) are indemnified by Party A.
  (b) Each Party’s aggregate liability to the other shall not exceed the greater of: (i) the Fees paid or payable in the 12 months preceding the claim; or (ii) SGD 500,000. Neither Party excludes liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence, fraud, or acts for which liability cannot be excluded under the Unfair Contract Terms Act.
  (c) Exclusion of indirect or consequential loss applies, except that it does not limit recoverable sums under third-party indemnities, data breach remediation costs reasonably incurred, or recall costs mandated by a regulator.

4. Intellectual Property; Content Standards; Notice-and-Takedown
- Party A version:
  (a) Party B warrants that all Product listings, images, descriptions, and materials provided to Party A do not infringe any Intellectual Property Rights, contain no misleading statements, and comply with applicable advertising and consumer laws. Party B grants Party A a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free licence to host, display, and use such materials for operation and promotion of the marketplace.
  (b) Upon receipt of a credible infringement or unlawful content notice, Party A may at its discretion delist or disable access to the affected listing, without liability to Party B. Party B shall promptly provide substantiation, counter-notices, or remedial measures (including replacement content) as reasonably required by Party A.
  (c) Party B shall indemnify Party A against Losses arising from breach of this clause.

- Party B version:
  (a) The IP and content warranty is as to Party B’s knowledge and reasonable due diligence. Party A’s licence is limited to operation of the marketplace and related promotion during the Term.
  (b) Party A shall implement a fair notice-and-takedown process, provide Party B with the substance of the complaint (where lawful), and allow Party B a commercially reasonable opportunity to respond before delisting, except where immediate takedown is necessary to comply with law. Party A will reinstate content upon receiving adequate substantiation.
  (c) Indemnity is limited to third-party IP claims directly arising from Party B-supplied content; no indemnity for modifications made solely by Party A.

5. Electronic Contracting; Governing Law; Dispute Resolution
- Party A version:
  (a) The Parties recognise the validity and enforceability of electronic records and electronic signatures in accordance with the Electronic Transactions Act. Notices may be served by email to the notice addresses designated herein.
  (b) This Agreement and any non-contractual obligations arising out of or in connection with it shall be governed by Singapore law.
  (c) Any dispute shall be finally resolved by arbitration administered by the SIAC under the SIAC Rules in force when the Notice of Arbitration is submitted. The seat and venue of arbitration shall be Singapore. The Tribunal shall consist of one arbitrator. The language shall be English. Emergency arbitration is permitted. Nothing prevents either Party from seeking interim or conservatory relief from the Singapore courts.
  (d) The arbitration and all related information shall be confidential, save as required to enforce or challenge an award or to comply with law or regulatory requests.

- Party B version:
  (a) Electronic contracting and signatures are recognised under the Electronic Transactions Act. Formal notices that affect termination or claims shall also be sent by courier in addition to email where practicable.
  (b) Governing law is Singapore law. Disputes shall be resolved by SIAC arbitration seated in Singapore before a sole arbitrator, English language. Before arbitration, senior executives shall meet to negotiate in good faith for 20 days; mediation under SIMC may be attempted without prejudice to arbitration.
  (c) Interim court relief is permitted. Costs follow the event unless the Tribunal determines otherwise.

Singapore-law notes and authorities (for counsel and negotiation)

- Contract formation and electronic transactions: Electronic Transactions Act 2010 (Cap. 88) recognises electronic records/signatures and their admissibility. See SM Integrated Transware Pte Ltd v Schenker Singapore (Pte) Ltd [2005] 2 SLR(R) 651 (accepting electronic records) and Chwee Kin Keong v Digilandmall.com Pte Ltd [2005] 1 SLR(R) 502 (online contracting; unilateral mistake analysis).
- Interpretation and entire agreement: Zurich Insurance (Singapore) Pte Ltd v B-Gold Interior Design & Construction Pte Ltd [2008] SGCA 27 endorses a contextual approach to construction of contracts; precise drafting and risk allocation improve enforceability.
- Exclusion/limitation clauses and UCTA: Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (Cap. 396) applies to business liability for negligence and other terms excluding/limiting liability. Clauses must satisfy the reasonableness test. See Jet Holding Ltd v Cooper Cameron (Singapore) Pte Ltd [2006] 3 SLR(R) 769 and Press Automation Technology Pte Ltd v Trans-Link Exhibition Forwarding Pte Ltd [2003] 1 SLR(R) 712 (upholding limitation clauses subject to reasonableness).
- PDPA compliance: Personal Data Protection Act 2012 imposes accountability, protection, breach notification, and cross-border transfer limitation obligations. The PDPC’s Advisory Guidelines and Model Contractual Clauses (2021) are commonly used to satisfy “comparable protection” for transfers. Contractual allocations above reflect data intermediary duties and breach notification cooperation consistent with PDPA.
- Consumer protection and product compliance: Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Act 2003 and Sale of Goods Act (Cap. 393) underpin consumer rights and implied terms; clauses properly allocate responsibility for downstream B2C compliance to the merchant where appropriate, while avoiding exclusion of non-excludable rights.
- Anti-corruption and sanctions: Prevention of Corruption Act (Cap. 241). Sanctions/export controls compliance is enforced under Singapore law and by relevant foreign regimes in cross-border sales; suspension rights for illegality align with the doctrine of illegality and public policy.
- Dispute resolution and arbitration: International Arbitration Act 1994 (Cap. 143A) supports enforcement of arbitration agreements and awards. The proposed SIAC clause is standard and enforceable. See BCY v BCZ [2017] SGHC 327 and BNA v BNB [2019] SGCA 84 on the law of the arbitration agreement and seat. Confidentiality and interim relief carve-outs are consistent with Singapore jurisprudence.

Practical drafting notes
- Consider expressly carving out liability that cannot be excluded under UCTA and ensuring caps are calibrated to the parties’ risk profile and insurance cover.
- For PDPA, align internal notification windows (e.g., 24–48 hours) with the statutory obligation to notify the PDPC and affected individuals as soon as practicable and within the prescribed timelines once a notifiable breach is assessed.
- For cross-border transfers, incorporate the latest PDPC Model Clauses or an approved certification mechanism to meet the “comparable protection” requirement.
- If Party A services consumers in Singapore directly, additional CPFTA and GST obligations may apply; the clause set can be adjusted to reflect platform-vendor role demarcations and the overseas vendor registration regime for GST.

This comparative draft is intended to facilitate negotiation under Singapore law and should be tailored to the specific business model, product categories, and target markets.