| 2023-05-18 |
Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith |
143 S. Ct. 1258 (2023) |
U.S. Supreme Court |
EN: The Court held AWF’s licensing of a Warhol image based on Goldsmith’s photo for a magazine cover was not fair use. The “purpose and character” was not sufficiently transformative because it served the same commercial licensing market as the original, and market harm weighed against fair use. Practical: UGC remixes that serve the same illustrative/portrait function, even with stylistic changes, face fair‑use risk; platforms should assess market substitution when moderating. ZH: 判决认定将基于摄影作品的沃霍尔图像用于杂志封面不构成合理使用。“目的和性质”未形成足够的变形，因为其与原作处于相同的商业许可市场；市场替代效应不利于合理使用。实务：即便风格改变，若UGC与原作履行相同功能，合理使用风险高；平台审核需关注对许可市场的替代。 |
| 2015-10-16 |
Authors Guild v. Google, Inc. |
804 F.3d 202 (2d Cir. 2015) |
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit |
EN: Book scanning and search with snippet display was fair use. Transformative indexing, limited snippets, and security measures minimized substitution; market effect was neutral/positive. Practical: Search previews and thumbnails of UGC can be fair when serving discovery/reference purposes and limiting display. ZH: 扫描书籍并提供检索与片段显示构成合理使用。索引用途具有变形性，片段受限且有安全措施，市场影响中性或正面。实务：为检索/引用目的而展示缩略图或片段通常更易被认定为合理使用。 |
| 2003-07-07 |
Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp. |
336 F.3d 811 (9th Cir. 2003) |
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit |
EN: Use of entire images as thumbnails in a search engine was fair use. Transformative purpose (indexing), small size/low resolution, and minimal market harm supported fair use. Practical: Thumbnail previews of user content are favored when used for search/navigation rather than substitution. ZH: 搜索引擎使用完整图片的缩略图构成合理使用。变形目的（索引）、尺寸与分辨率较小以及有限市场损害支持合理使用。实务：缩略图用于检索/导航而非替代，较有利于合理使用。 |
| 2007-12-03 |
Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc. |
508 F.3d 1146 (9th Cir. 2007) |
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit |
EN: Thumbnails were fair use; inline linking to full‑size images hosted elsewhere did not constitute direct infringement (server test). Contributory liability turned on knowledge and material contribution. Practical: Embedding content via linking reduces direct liability for platforms; fair‑use thumbnails are safer. ZH: 缩略图为合理使用；对外部服务器的内联链接不构成直接侵权（服务器测试）。帮助侵权的认定取决于平台的知识与实质协助。实务：平台通过链接嵌入一般不承担直接侵权；缩略图更安全。 |
| 2015-09-14 |
Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. |
801 F.3d 1126 (9th Cir. 2015) |
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit |
EN: Copyright owners must consider fair use before sending DMCA takedown notices; misrepresentations under §512(f) can create liability. Practical: Platforms should design notice‑and‑takedown workflows that allow fair‑use review; creators of short clips (e.g., background music) can invoke fair use. ZH: 著作权人在发送DMCA删除通知前必须考虑合理使用；错误陈述可触发§512(f)责任。实务：平台应在通知删除流程中纳入合理使用审查；短视频背景音乐等情形可主张合理使用。 |
| 2012-04-05 |
Viacom Int’l, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. |
676 F.3d 19 (2d Cir. 2012) |
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit |
EN: DMCA §512 safe harbor requires specific knowledge of infringement; general awareness is insufficient. “Right and ability to control” requires more than mere ability to remove content; willful blindness may show knowledge. Practical: Moderation and awareness don’t defeat safe harbor absent item‑specific knowledge; enforce repeat‑infringer policies. ZH: §512避风港需“特定侵权知识”，一般性认知不足；“控制权”不等于仅能删除内容；故意视而不见可能构成知识。实务：常规审核与一般认知不破坏避风港，需落实“重复侵权者”政策。 |
| 2016-06-16 |
Capitol Records, LLC v. Vimeo, LLC |
826 F.3d 78 (2d Cir. 2016) |
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit |
EN: Safe harbor extends to pre‑1972 recordings; employee viewing of videos didn’t establish actual or red‑flag knowledge without specific awareness. Curatorial features didn’t show the “right and ability to control.” Practical: UGC platforms retain §512 protection despite staff involvement; music content needs licensing workflows but safe harbor still applies. ZH: 避风港适用于1972年前录音；仅员工观看不构成具体知识；策展功能不足以证明“控制权”。实务：即便员工参与，UGC平台仍可享§512；音乐内容需许可流程。 |
| 2013-06-14 |
UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Shelter Capital Partners LLC (Veoh) |
718 F.3d 1006 (9th Cir. 2013) |
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit |
EN: Veoh qualified for §512(c) safe harbor; automated processing, transcoding, and hosting of user videos were “storage at the direction of users.” Actual knowledge must be item‑specific; “right and ability to control” requires more than the capability to remove. Practical: Content processing/hosting features don’t strip safe harbor; implement and document repeat‑infringer policies. ZH: Veoh符合§512(c)避风港；自动转码与托管属“用户指示下的存储”。实际知识需具体到作品；仅能删除不足以构成控制。实务：平台的自动处理不影响避风港；需执行并记录重复侵权政策。 |
| 2016-06-02 |
VMG Salsoul, LLC v. Ciccone (Madonna) |
824 F.3d 871 (9th Cir. 2016) |
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit |
EN: The Ninth Circuit recognized de minimis copying for sound recordings; an unrecognizable 0.23‑second horn sample was non‑infringing. Practical: Very short, unrecognizable music clips may not infringe, but licensing is typically required for recognizable uses; platform music libraries/licensing tools mitigate risk in short‑form videos. ZH: 第九巡回确认录音作品的“微不足道”复制抗辩；0.23秒且不可辨识的采样不侵权。实务：极短且不可辨识的片段可能不侵权，但可辨识使用通常需许可；平台音乐库/许可工具可降风险。 |
| 2020-12-18 |
Dr. Seuss Enterprises, L.P. v. ComicMix LLC |
983 F.3d 443 (9th Cir. 2020) |
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit |
EN: A mashup imitating Dr. Seuss’s style was held not fair use; the work was more satire than parody and copied extensive expressive elements, harming the market. Practical: UGC parody must target/comment on the original; style imitation plus extensive copying weighs against fair use. ZH: 模仿苏斯风格的混搭作品不构成合理使用；更偏“讽刺”而非“戏仿”，复制大量表达并损害市场。实务：UGC戏仿需针对原作进行评论；仅风格模仿且大量复制不利于合理使用。 |
